{"id":1308,"date":"2024-08-08T17:35:25","date_gmt":"2024-08-08T17:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/?p=1308"},"modified":"2024-08-14T13:04:23","modified_gmt":"2024-08-14T13:04:23","slug":"opengl%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0%ef%bc%881%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/2024\/08\/08\/opengl%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0%ef%bc%881%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"OpenGL\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff081\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6700\u8fd1\u5c1d\u8bd5\u624b\u6413\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684gis\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u77e2\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7ed8\u5236\u5c31\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u7528qt\u7684QPaintWidget\u5957\u4ef6\u6027\u80fd\u66f4\u4e0d\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u60f3\u7528qgis\u505a\u4e8c\u6b21\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5f00\u59cb\u5b66opengl\u3002\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u60f3\u7740\u76f4\u63a5\u770b\u4e2aqt opengl\u7684\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ed8\u5236\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u8fd9\u6b65\u5b9e\u5728\u5b66\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8fd8\u662f\u6c89\u4e0b\u5fc3\u6765\u627e\u4e2aopengl\u6559\u7a0b\u597d\u597d\u5b66\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010B\u7ad9\u6700\u597d\u3011OpenGL\u5c0f\u767d\u5230\u7cbe\u901a\u7cfb\u5217-\u4fdd\u59c6\u7ea7-\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u56fe\u5f62\u5b66_\u54d4\u54e9\u54d4\u54e9_bilibili<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u7ad9\u6700\u597d\u7684OpenGL\u6559\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6559OpenGL\uff0c\u8fd8\u6559\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6536\u83b7\u826f\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

chap01 OpenGL\u7b80\u4ecb\uff0c\u56fe\u5f62\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u6ca1\u5565\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\uff0c\u914d\u5408Games101\u633a\u597d\u61c2\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chap02 Cmake\uff0cGLFW\uff0cGLAD\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u73af\u5883\u642d\u5efa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5565\u597d\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u590d\u4e60\u4e00\u4e0bCmake\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ee5\u524d\u7528cmake\u90fd\u662f\u770b\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u8fd8\u662f\u8ddf\u7740\u8001\u5e08\u7528cmake\u4ece\u5934\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u90fd\u662fVS\uff0csln\u61d2\u72d7\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chap03 \u57fa\u7840\u7a97\u4f53\u642d\u5efa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

main\u51fd\u6570\u91cc\u6784\u5efa\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u57fa\u7840\u4e8b\u4ef6\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u7f29\u653e\u548c\u952e\u76d8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8b\u4ef6\u54cd\u5e94\u5c31\u662f\u8c03\u7528glfw\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u4f20\u8fdb\u53bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a5\u7740\u8ba9glad\u52a0\u8f7d\u5f53\u524d\u7248\u672c\u6240\u6709opengl\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e4b\u540e\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684opengl api\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u753b\u5e03\u6e05\u7406\u989c\u8272\u548c\u6e05\u7406\u753b\u5e03<\/p>\n\n\n\n

#include <iostream>\n#include<glad\/glad.h>\n#include <GLFW\/glfw3.h>\n\/\/\u58f0\u660e\u4e14\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u51fd\u6570\nvoid frameBufferSizeCallBack(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)\n{\n\tstd::cout << \"\u7a97\u4f53\u6700\u65b0\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a\" << width << \",\" << height << std::endl;\n}\n\/\/\u58f0\u660e\u4e14\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u952e\u76d8\u6d88\u606f\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\nvoid keyCallBack(GLFWwindow* window,int key,int scancode,int action,int mods)\n{\n\tif (key==GLFW_KEY_W)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u89e6\u53d1\u4e86v\n\t}\n\tif (action==GLFW_PRESS)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u952e\u4f4d\u6309\u4e0b\n\t}\n\tif (action==GLFW_RELEASE)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u952e\u4f4d\u62ac\u8d77\n\t}\n\tif (mods == GLFW_MOD_CONTROL)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u6309\u4e0bctrl\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6309\u4e0bkey\n\t}\n\tif (mods==GLFW_MOD_SHIFT)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u6309\u4e0b\u4e86shift\u7684\u540c\u65f6,\u6309\u4e0b\u4e86key\n\t}\n\tstd::cout << \"\u6309\u4e0b\u4e86\uff1a\" << key << std::endl;\n\tstd::cout << \"action\uff1a\" << action << std::endl;\n\tstd::cout << \"mods\uff1a\" << mods << std::endl;\n}\n\/\/\u521b\u5efa\u7a97\u4f53\nint main() \n{\n\t\/\/1 \u521d\u59cb\u5316GLFW\n\tglfwInit();\n\t\/\/1.1 \u8bbe\u7f6eOpenGL\u4e3b\u677f\u672c\u53f7\uff0c\u6b21\u7248\u672c\u53f7\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4);\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 6);\n\t\/\/1.2 \u8bbe\u7f6eOpenGL\u542f\u7528\u6838\u5fc3\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u975e\u7acb\u5373\u6e32\u67d3\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);\n\t\/\/2 \u521b\u5efa\u7a97\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\n\tGLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(800, 600, \"OpenGLStudy\", NULL, NULL);\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e3aOpenGL\u7684\u7ed8\u5236\u821e\u53f0\n\tglfwMakeContextCurrent(window);\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76d1\u542c\uff0c\u76d1\u542c\u7a97\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6d88\u606f\n\tglfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, frameBufferSizeCallBack);\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76d1\u542c\uff0c\u76d1\u542c\u952e\u76d8\u6d88\u606f\n\tglfwSetKeyCallback(window, keyCallBack);\n\t\/\/*****\u4f7f\u7528glad\u52a0\u8f7d\u6240\u6709openGL\u7684\u51fd\u6570\n\tif (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))\n\t{\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Failed to initialize GLAD\" << std::endl;\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n        \/\/\u8bbe\u7f6eopengl\u89c6\u53e3\u548c\u6e05\u7406\u989c\u8272\n        glViewport(0, 0, 800, 600);\n        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);\n\t\/\/3 \u6267\u884c\u7a97\u53e3\u5faa\u73af\n\twhile (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u63a5\u53d7\u5e76\u53d1\u7a97\u53e3\u6d88\u606f\n\t\t\/\/\u68c0\u6d4b\u6d88\u606f\u961f\u5217\u662f\u5426\u6709\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u9f20\u6807\u3001\u952e\u76d8\u7b49\u6d88\u606f\n\t\t\/\/\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\u5c31\u5c06\u6d88\u606f\u6279\u91cf\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6e05\u7a7a\u961f\u5217\n\t\tglfwPollEvents();\n\t}\n\t\/\/4 \u9000\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f\u524d\u505a\u76f8\u5173\u6e05\u7406\n\tglfwTerminate();\n\treturn 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Chap04 \u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u67e5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
OpenGL\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u67e5\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u914d\u5408assert.h\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9519\u8bef<\/p>\n\n\n\n
GLenum glGetError();<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u6bcf\u7528\u4e00\u4e2aopengl api\u540e\u9762\u90fd\u52a0\u4e00\u53e5\u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u67e5\u5c31\u592a\u9ebb\u70e6\u4e86\uff0c\u628a\u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u67e5\u4ee3\u7801\u62bd\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5355\u72ec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7lib\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u7528\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u505a\u66ff\u6362\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7GL_CALL(func)\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u7f16\u8bd1\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7debug\u9009\u9879\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u5426\u542f\u52a8\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
main.cpp\n#include <iostream>\n#include<glad\/glad.h>\n#include <GLFW\/glfw3.h>\n#include<String>\n#include<assert.h>\/\/\u65ad\u8a00\n#include \"wrapper\/checkError.h\"\n\/\/\u76ee\u6807\uff1aopenGL\u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u67e5\n\/\/1.\u4f53\u9a8cglGetError\n\/\/2.\u5c06\u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u6d4b\u4ee3\u7801\u5c01\u88c5\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\n\/\/3.\u5c06\u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u67e5\u4ee3\u7801\u653e\u5230\u5176\u4ed6cpp\u6587\u4ef6\n\/\/4.\u521b\u5efa\u4e86GL_CALL\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b8f\uff0c\u4fbf\u6377\u8fdb\u884cgl\u51fd\u6570\u67e5\u9519\n\/\/5.\u5728CMakeLists\u5f53\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5168\u5c40\u9884\u7f16\u8bd1\u5b8f\uff0c\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u662f\u5426\u5f00\u542f\u9519\u8bef\u68c0\u67e5\n\/\/\u58f0\u660e\u4e14\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a97\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u51fd\u6570\nvoid frameBufferSizeCallBack(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)\n{\n\tstd::cout << \"\u7a97\u4f53\u6700\u65b0\u5927\u5c0f\uff1a\" << width << \",\" << height << std::endl;\n\tglViewport(0, 0, width, height);\n}\n\/\/\u58f0\u660e\u4e14\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u952e\u76d8\u6d88\u606f\u56de\u8c03\u51fd\u6570\nvoid keyCallBack(GLFWwindow* window,int key,int scancode,int action,int mods)\n{\n\tif (key==GLFW_KEY_W)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u89e6\u53d1\u4e86v\n\t}\n\tif (action==GLFW_PRESS)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u952e\u4f4d\u6309\u4e0b\n\t}\n\tif (action==GLFW_RELEASE)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u952e\u4f4d\u62ac\u8d77\n\t}\n\tif (mods == GLFW_MOD_CONTROL)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u6309\u4e0bctrl\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6309\u4e0bkey\n\t}\n\tif (mods==GLFW_MOD_SHIFT)\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u6309\u4e0b\u4e86shift\u7684\u540c\u65f6,\u6309\u4e0b\u4e86key\n\t}\n\tstd::cout << \"\u6309\u4e0b\u4e86\uff1a\" << key << std::endl;\n\tstd::cout << \"action\uff1a\" << action << std::endl;\n\tstd::cout << \"mods\uff1a\" << mods << std::endl;\n}\n\/\/\u521b\u5efa\u7a97\u4f53\nint main() \n{\n\t\/\/1 \u521d\u59cb\u5316GLFW\n\tglfwInit();\n\t\/\/1.1 \u8bbe\u7f6eOpenGL\u4e3b\u677f\u672c\u53f7\uff0c\u6b21\u7248\u672c\u53f7\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4);\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 6);\n\t\/\/1.2 \u8bbe\u7f6eOpenGL\u542f\u7528\u6838\u5fc3\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u975e\u7acb\u5373\u6e32\u67d3\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\n\tglfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);\n\t\/\/2 \u521b\u5efa\u7a97\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\n\tGLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(800, 600, \"OpenGLStudy\", NULL, NULL);\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5f53\u524d\u7a97\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e3aOpenGL\u7684\u7ed8\u5236\u821e\u53f0\n\tglfwMakeContextCurrent(window);\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76d1\u542c\uff0c\u76d1\u542c\u7a97\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6d88\u606f\n\tglfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, frameBufferSizeCallBack);\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76d1\u542c\uff0c\u76d1\u542c\u952e\u76d8\u6d88\u606f\n\tglfwSetKeyCallback(window, keyCallBack);\n\t\/\/*****\u4f7f\u7528glad\u52a0\u8f7d\u6240\u6709openGL\u7684\u51fd\u6570\n\tif (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))\n\t{\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Failed to initialize GLAD\" << std::endl;\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6eopenGL\u89c6\u53e3\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e05\u7406\u989c\u8272\n\tglViewport(0, 0, 800, 600);\n\tglClearColor(0.1f,0.3f,0.3f,1.0f);\n\t\/\/3 \u6267\u884c\u7a97\u53e3\u5faa\u73af\n\twhile (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))\n\t{\n\t\t\/\/\u63a5\u53d7\u5e76\u53d1\u7a97\u53e3\u6d88\u606f\n\t\t\/\/\u68c0\u6d4b\u6d88\u606f\u961f\u5217\u662f\u5426\u6709\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u9f20\u6807\u3001\u952e\u76d8\u7b49\u6d88\u606f\n\t\t\/\/\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\u5c31\u5c06\u6d88\u606f\u6279\u91cf\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6e05\u7a7a\u961f\u5217\n\t\tglfwPollEvents();\n\t\t\/\/\u6267\u884copengl\u753b\u5e03\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\n\t\tGL_CALL(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));\n\t\t\/\/GL_CALL(glClear(-1));\n\t\t\/\/checkError();\n\t\t\/\/\u6e32\u67d3\u64cd\u4f5c\n\t\t\/\/ \n\t\t\/\/\u6267\u884c\u53cc\u5faa\u73af\n\t\tglfwSwapBuffers(window);\n\t}\n\t\/\/4 \u9000\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f\u524d\u505a\u76f8\u5173\u6e05\u7406\n\tglfwTerminate();\n\treturn 0;\n}\ncheckError.cpp\n#include\"checkError.h\"\n#include<glad\/glad.h>\n#include<String>\n#include<iostream>\n#include<assert.h>\nvoid checkError()\n{\n\tGLenum errorCode = glGetError();\n\tstd::string error = \"\";\n\tif (errorCode != GL_NO_ERROR)\n\t{\n\t\tswitch (errorCode)\n\t\t{\n\t\tcase GL_INVALID_ENUM:error = \"INVALID_ENUM\"; break;\n\t\tcase GL_INVALID_VALUE:error = \"INVALID_VALUE\"; break;\n\t\tcase GL_INVALID_OPERATION:error = \"INVALID_OPERATION\"; break;\n\t\tcase GL_OUT_OF_MEMORY:error = \"OUT OF MEMORY\"; break;\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\terror = \"UNKNOWN\";\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t\tstd::cout << error << std::endl;\n\t\t\/\/ assert\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u4f20\u5165\u7684bool\u503c\uff0c\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u5426\u505c\u6b62\n\t\t\/\/true\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\n\t\t\/\/false\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f1a\u65ad\u6b7b\n\t\tassert(false);\n\t}\n}\ncheckError.h\n#pragma once \/\/\u9632\u6b62\u91cd\u7f16\u8bd1\n\/\/\u9884\u7f16\u8bd1\u5b8f\n#ifdef DEBUG\n#define GL_CALL(func) func;checkError();\n#else\n#define GL_CALL(func) func;\n#endif \/\/ DEBUG\nvoid checkError();\nCMakeLists.txt\n#\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6700\u4f4ecmake\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7248\u672c\ncmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.12)\n#\u672c\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u540d\u5b57\nproject(OpenGL_Lecture )\n#\u672c\u5de5\u7a0b\u652f\u6301\u7684C++\u7248\u672c\nset(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)\n#\u5f80\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u5c40\u7684\u9884\u7f16\u8bd1\u5b8f\nadd_definitions(-DDEBUG)\ninclude_directories(system ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}\/thirdParty\/include)\nlink_directories(system ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}\/thirdParty\/lib)\nadd_subdirectory(wrapper)\n#\u672c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6240\u6709cpp\u6587\u4ef6\u7f16\u8bd1\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u751f\u6210exe\nadd_executable(glStudy \"main.cpp\" \"glad.c\" )\n target_link_libraries(glStudy glfw3.lib wrapper)\nCMakeLists.txt\n#\u9012\u5f52\u5c06\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u4e0b\u6240\u6709cpp\u653e\u5230WRAPPER\u4e2d\nfile(GLOB_RECURSE WRAPPER .\/ *.cpp)\n#\u5c06FUNCS\u4e2d\u6240\u6709cpp\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e3awpapper\u8fd9\u4e2alib\u5e93\nadd_library(wrapper ${WRAPPER} )<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u8fd0\u7528\u5b8f\u662f\u633a\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8f6c\u53d1\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7801\u4e5f\u662f\u770b\u7684\u773c\u82b1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ \u5b8c\u7f8e\u8f6c\u53d1\u5b9e\u73b0\ntemplate<typename Func, typename... Args>\nauto GLCall(Func&& func, Args&&... args) -> decltype(auto) {\n\tif constexpr (std::is_void_v<decltype(func(std::forward<Args>(args)...))>) {\n\t\tstd::forward<Func>(func)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);\n\t\tcheckError();\n\t}\n\telse {\n\t\tauto result = std::forward<Func>(func)(std::forward<Args>(args)...);\n\t\tcheckError();\n\t\treturn result;\n\t}\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
chap05 application\u5c01\u88c5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u628aglfw\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u6b65\u9aa4\u5c01\u88c5\u5230\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u5355\u4f8b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7init\uff0cupdate\uff0cdestory\u4e09\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7c7b\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5355\u4f8b\u7c7b\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u91ca\u653e\u628a\u63a7\u6bd4\u8f83\u7075\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7531\u4e8eglfw\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u88ab\u5c01\u88c5\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e8b\u4ef6\u54cd\u5e94\u4e5f\u9ebb\u70e6\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u542c\u8bfe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6709\u70b9\u61f5\uff0c\u4f46\u987a\u7740\u4ee3\u7801\u903b\u8f91\u8d70\u4e00\u904d\u5c31\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\u3002\u6ca1\u5c01\u88c5\u4e4b\u524d\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528glfw\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u4f20\u8fc7\u53bb\u5c31\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c01\u88c5\u540ewindow\u6307\u9488\u62ff\u4e0d\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u5728application\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7c7b\u91cc\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5148\u53d1\u7ed9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7c7b\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7c7b\u518d\u8f6c\u53d1\u4e00\u904d\u3002\u6b65\u9aa4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662fglfw\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u51fd\u6570\u5728init\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46main\u91ccinit\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u4f20\u8fc7\u53bb\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728application\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7528\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\uff08mfunc\uff09\u63a5\u7740\u3002\u5148\u7528\u4e2astatic\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u4f20\uff0cstatic\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f53\u4f5c\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff09\u5148\u4f20\u7ed9glfw\uff0cstatic\u51fd\u6570\u91cc\u7528mfunc\u53bb\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4f20\u7ed9glfw\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f46main\u91cc\u4f20\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e4b\u540emfunc\u5c31\u6307\u5411main\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u51fd\u6570\u4e86\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u89e6\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u518d\u53bb\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u5c31\u80fd\u6b63\u5e38\u8c03\u7528\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
main.cpp\n#include <iostream>\n#include \"glad\/glad.h\"\n#include \"GLFW\/glfw3.h\"\n#include<String>\n#include<assert.h>\/\/\u65ad\u8a00\n#include \"application\/application.h\"\n#include \"wrapper\/checkError.h\"\n\nvoid OnResize(int width, int height) {\n    std::cout << \"width:\" << width << \" height:\" << height << std::endl;\n    GL_CALL(glViewport(0, 0, width, height));\n}\n\nvoid OnKey(int key, int scancode, int action, int mods) {\n    std::cout << \"\u6309\u4e0b\u4e86\uff1a\" << key << std::endl;\n    std::cout << \"action\uff1a\" << action << std::endl;\n    std::cout << \"mods\uff1a\" << mods << std::endl;\n}\n\nint main(){\n    if (!app->init(800, 600)) {\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    app->setResizeCallback(OnResize);\n    app->setKeyCallback(OnKey);\n\n    \/\/\u8bbe\u7f6eopengl\u89c6\u53e3\u548c\u6e05\u7406\u989c\u8272\n    glViewport(0, 0, 800, 600);\n    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);\n\n    \/\/\u6267\u884c\u7a97\u4f53\u5faa\u73af\n    while (app->update()) {\n        \n        \/\/\u6267\u884cOpenGL\u753b\u5e03\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\n        GL_CALL(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));\n        \/\/\u8c03\u7528\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8f6c\u53d1\u5b9e\u73b0\n        \/\/GLCall(glClear,-1);\n\n        \/\/\u6e32\u67d3\u64cd\u4f5c\n    }\n\n    \/\/\u9000\u51fa\u524d\u6e05\u7406\n    app->destory();\n\n    return 0;\n}  \n\napplication.h\n#pragma once\n#include <iostream>\n\/\/#include \"GLFW\/glfw3.h\"\n\n#define app Application::getInstance()\n\nstruct GLFWwindow;\nusing ResizeCallback = void(*)(int, int);\nusing KeyCallback = void(*)(int, int, int, int);\n\n\/\/\u5355\u4f8b\u6a21\u5f0f\nclass Application {\npublic:\n\t~Application();\n\n\t\/\/\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u9759\u6001\u51fd\u6570\n\tstatic Application* getInstance();\n\n\tuint32_t getWidth() const { return mWidth; }\n\tuint32_t getHeight() const { return mHeight; }\n\n\tvoid setResizeCallback(ResizeCallback callback) { mResizeCallback = callback; }\n\tvoid setKeyCallback(KeyCallback keyCallback) { mKeyCallback = keyCallback;}\n\n\tbool init(const int&,const int&);\n\n\tbool update();\n\n\tvoid destory();\n\nprivate:\n\tstatic void frameBufferSizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);\n\tstatic void frameKeyCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods);\nprivate:\n\t\/\/\u5168\u5c40\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u5b9e\u4f8b\n\tstatic Application* mInstance;\n\n\tstd::uint32_t mWidth{0};\n\tstd::uint32_t mHeight{0};\n\tGLFWwindow* mWindow{ nullptr };\n\n\tResizeCallback mResizeCallback = nullptr;\n\tKeyCallback mKeyCallback = nullptr;\n\n\tApplication();\n};\n\napplication.cpp\n#include \"application.h\"\n#include \"glad\/glad.h\"\n#include \"GLFW\/glfw3.h\"\n\n\/\/\u521d\u59cb\u5316Application\u7684\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\nApplication* Application::mInstance = nullptr;\nApplication* Application::getInstance() {\n\tif (mInstance == nullptr) {\n\t\tmInstance = new Application();\n\t}\n\treturn mInstance;\n}\n\nApplication::Application() {\n\n}\n\nApplication::~Application() {\n\n}\n\nbool Application::init(const int& width = 800,  const int& height = 600) {\n    mWidth = width;\n    mHeight = height;\n\n    \/\/\u521d\u59cb\u5316GLFW\n    glfwInit();\n    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4);\n    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 6);\n    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);\n\n    \/\/\u521b\u5efa\u7a97\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\n    mWindow = glfwCreateWindow(mWidth, mHeight, \"OpenGLStuty\", NULL, NULL);\n    if (mWindow == NULL)\n        return false;\n    glfwMakeContextCurrent(mWindow);\n    \/\/*****\u4f7f\u7528glad\u52a0\u8f7d\u6240\u6709openGL\u7684\u51fd\u6570\n    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))\n    {\n        std::cout << \"Failed to initialize GLAD\" << std::endl;\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(mWindow, frameBufferSizeCallback);\n    glfwSetKeyCallback(mWindow, frameKeyCallback);\n\n    glfwSetWindowUserPointer(mWindow, this);\n\n    return true;\n}\n\nbool Application::update() {\n    if (glfwWindowShouldClose(mWindow)) {\n        return false;\n    }\n    \/\/\u63a5\u6536\u5e76\u5206\u53d1\u7a97\u4f53\u6d88\u606f\n    glfwPollEvents();\n    \/\/\u8c03\u7528\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8f6c\u53d1\u5b9e\u73b0\n    \/\/GLCall(glClear,-1);\n\n    \/\/\u5207\u6362\u53cc\u7f13\u5b58\n    glfwSwapBuffers(mWindow);\n\n    return true;\n}\n\nvoid Application::destory() {\n    \/\/\u9000\u51fa\u524d\u6e05\u7406\n    glfwTerminate();\n}\n\nvoid Application::frameBufferSizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {\n    \/\/if (Application::getInstance()->mResizeCallback != nullptr) {\n    \/\/    Application::getInstance()->mResizeCallback(width, height);\n    \/\/}\n    Application* self = (Application*)glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window);\n    if (self->mResizeCallback != nullptr) {\n        self->mResizeCallback(width, height);\n    }\n}\n\nvoid Application::frameKeyCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods) {\n    Application* self = (Application*)glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window);\n    if (self->mKeyCallback != nullptr) {\n        self->mKeyCallback(key,scancode,action,mods);\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
chap06 VBO<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
VBO\u7684\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b58\u50a8<\/p>\n\n\n\n
void prepare() {\n    float vertices[] = {\n    -0.5,-0.5f,0.0f,\n    0.5f,-0.5f,0.0f,\n    0.0f,0.5f,0.0f\n    };\n    \/\/1 \u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2avbo\n    GLuint vbo = 0;\n    GL_CALL(glGenBuffers(1, &vbo));\n    \/\/2 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524dvbo\uff0c\u5230openGL\u72b6\u6001\u673a\u7684\u5f53\u524dvbo\u63d2\u69fd\u4e0a\n    GL_CALL(glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo));\n    \/\/3 \u5411\u5f53\u524dvbo\u4f20\u8f93\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u5f00\u8f9f\u663e\u5b58\n    GL_CALL(glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW));\n}\n\nvoid prepareSingleBuffer() {\n    \/\/1 \u51c6\u5907\u9876\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u989c\u8272\u6570\u636e\n    float positions[] = {\n        -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n        0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n        0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f\n    };\n    float colors[] = {\n         1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\n         0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\n         0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f\n    };\n\n    \/\/2 \u4e3a\u4f4d\u7f6e&\u989c\u8272\u6570\u636e\u5404\u81ea\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2avbo\n    GLuint posVbo=0, colorVbo =0;\n    GL_CALL(glGenBuffers(1,&posVbo));\n    GL_CALL(glGenBuffers(1,&colorVbo));\n\n    \/\/3 \u7ed9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u5f00\u7684vbo\u5404\u81ea\u586b\u5145\u6570\u636e\n    \/\/position\u586b\u5145\u6570\u636e\n    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, posVbo);\n    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n    \/\/color\u586b\u5145\u6570\u636e\n    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,colorVbo);\n    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(colors), colors, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n}\n\n\/\/\u4ea4\u53c9\u5b58\u50a8\nvoid prepareInterleavedBuffer() {\n    float vertices[] = {\n    -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\n    0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\n    0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f\n    };\n    GLuint vbo = 0;\n    glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);\n    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);\n    glBufferData(GL_STATIC_DRAW, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_ARRAY_BUFFER);\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
chap07 VAO<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
void prepareSingleBuffer() {\n\t\/\/1 \u51c6\u5907positions colors\u6570\u636e\n\tfloat positions[] = {\n\t\t   -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t\t\t0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f\n\t};\n\tfloat colors[] = {\n\t   1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\n\t   0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\n\t   0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f\n\t};\n\n\n\t\/\/2 \u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u4e24\u4e2avbo posVbo\uff0c colorVbo\n\tGLuint posVbo, colorVbo;\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &posVbo);\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &colorVbo);\n\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, posVbo);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, colorVbo);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(colors), colors, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\n\t\/\/3 \u751f\u6210vao\u5e76\u4e14\u7ed1\u5b9a\n\tGLuint vao = 0;\n\tglGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);\n\tglBindVertexArray(vao);\n\n\t\/\/4 \u5206\u522b\u5c06\u4f4d\u7f6e\/\u989c\u8272\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\u52a0\u5165vao\u5f53\u4e2d\n\t\/\/4.1\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, posVbo);\/\/\u53ea\u6709\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e86posVbo\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u624d\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6b64vbo\u76f8\u5173\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(0);\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);\n\n\t\/\/4.2 \u63cf\u8ff0\u989c\u8272\u5c5e\u6027\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, colorVbo);\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(1);\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);\n\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n}\n\nvoid prepareInterleavedBuffer() {\n\t\/\/1 \u51c6\u5907\u597dInterleaved\u6570\u636e\uff08\u4f4d\u7f6e+\u989c\u8272\uff09\n\tfloat vertices[] = {\n\t\t   -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,\n\t\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,\n\t\t\t0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 1.0f\n\t};\n\n\n\t\/\/2 \u521b\u5efa\u552f\u4e00\u7684vbo\n\tGLuint vbo = 0;\n\tGL_CALL(glGenBuffers(1, &vbo));\n\tGL_CALL(glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo));\n\tGL_CALL(glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW));\n\n\t\/\/3 \u521b\u5efa\u5e76\u7ed1\u5b9avao\n\tGLuint vao = 0;\n\tGL_CALL(glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao));\n\tGL_CALL(glBindVertexArray(vao));\n\n\n\tGL_CALL(glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo));\n\t\/\/4 \u4e3avao\u52a0\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u989c\u8272\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\n\t\/\/4.1 \u4f4d\u7f6e\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\n\tGL_CALL(glEnableVertexAttribArray(0));\n\tGL_CALL(glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)0));\n\n\t\/\/4.2 \u989c\u8272\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\n\tGL_CALL(glEnableVertexAttribArray(1));\n\tGL_CALL(glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float))));\n\n\t\/\/5 \u626b\u5c3e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u89e3\u7ed1\u5f53\u524dvao\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
chap07 shader<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
void prepareShader() {\n\t\/\/1 \u5b8c\u6210vs\u4e0efs\u7684\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u88c5\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\n\tconst char* vertexShaderSource =\n\t\t\"#version 460 core\\n\"\n\t\t\"layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\\n\"\n\t\t\"void main()\\n\"\n\t\t\"{\\n\"\n\t\t\"   gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\\n\"\n\t\t\"}\\0\";\n\tconst char* fragmentShaderSource =\n\t\t\"#version 330 core\\n\"\n\t\t\"out vec4 FragColor;\\n\"\n\t\t\"void main()\\n\"\n\t\t\"{\\n\"\n\t\t\"   FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.2f, 1.0f);\\n\"\n\t\t\"}\\n\\0\";\n\n\n\t\/\/2 \u521b\u5efaShader\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08vs\u3001fs\uff09\n\tGLuint vertex, fragment;\n\tvertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);\n\tfragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);\n\n\n\t\/\/3 \u4e3ashader\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8f93\u5165shader\u4ee3\u7801\n\tglShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);\n\tglShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);\n\n\tint success = 0;\n\tchar infoLog[1024];\n\t\/\/4 \u6267\u884cshader\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u8bd1 \n\tglCompileShader(vertex);\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5vertex\u7f16\u8bd1\u7ed3\u679c\n\tglGetShaderiv(vertex, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);\n\tif (!success) {\n\t\tglGetShaderInfoLog(vertex, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER COMPILE ERROR --VERTEX\" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t}\n\n\tglCompileShader(fragment);\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5fragment\u7f16\u8bd1\u7ed3\u679c\n\tglGetShaderiv(fragment, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);\n\tif (!success) {\n\t\tglGetShaderInfoLog(fragment, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER COMPILE ERROR --FRAGMENT\" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t}\n\n\t\/\/5 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aProgram\u58f3\u5b50\n\tGLuint program = 0;\n\tprogram = glCreateProgram();\n\n\t\/\/6 \u5c06vs\u4e0efs\u7f16\u8bd1\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u653e\u5230program\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f3\u5b50\u91cc\n\tglAttachShader(program, vertex);\n\tglAttachShader(program, fragment);\n\n\t\/\/7 \u6267\u884cprogram\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u6267\u884cshader\u7a0b\u5e8f\n\tglLinkProgram(program);\n\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5\u94fe\u63a5\u9519\u8bef\n\tglGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);\n\tif (!success) {\n\t\tglGetProgramInfoLog(program, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER LINK ERROR \" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t}\n\n\t\/\/\u6e05\u7406\n\tglDeleteShader(vertex);\n\tglDeleteShader(fragment);\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
chap08 glDrawArray<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u7ed8\u5236\u5355\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62<\/p>\n\n\n\n
void render() {\n\t\/\/\u6267\u884copengl\u753b\u5e03\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\n\tGL_CALL(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));\n\n\t\/\/1 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684program\n\tglUseProgram(program);\n\n\t\/\/2 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684vao\n\tglBindVertexArray(vao);\n\n\t\/\/3 \u53d1\u51fa\u7ed8\u5236\u6307\u4ee4\n\tglDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);\n\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Chap09 EBO<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
void prepareVAO() {\n\t\/\/1 \u51c6\u5907positions\n\tfloat positions[] = {\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t\t0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t\t0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t};\n\n\tunsigned int indices[] = {\n\t\t0, 1, 2,\n\t\t2, 1, 3\n\t};\n\n\t\/\/2 VBO\u521b\u5efa\n\tGLuint vbo;\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &vbo);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\n\t\/\/3 EBO\u521b\u5efa\n\tGLuint ebo;\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &ebo);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\n\t\/\/4 VAO\u521b\u5efa\n\tglGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);\n\tglBindVertexArray(vao);\n\n\t\/\/5 \u7ed1\u5b9avbo ebo \u52a0\u5165\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\n\t\/\/5.1 \u52a0\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(0);\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(float) * 3, (void*)0);\n\n\t\/\/5.2 \u52a0\u5165ebo\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u7684vao\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);\n\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n}\nvoid render() {\n\t\/\/\u6267\u884copengl\u753b\u5e03\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\n\tGL_CALL(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));\n\n\t\/\/1 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684program\n\tGL_CALL(glUseProgram(program));\n\n\t\/\/2 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684vao\n\tGL_CALL(glBindVertexArray(vao));\n\t\/\/3 \u53d1\u51fa\u7ed8\u5236\u6307\u4ee4\n\/\/\tglDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, 6);\n\tglDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Chap10 \u7ed8\u5236\u5f69\u8272\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
#include <iostream>\n#define DEBUG\n\n\/\/\u6ce8\u610f\uff1aglad\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u5fc5\u987b\u5728glfw\u5f15\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\u5f15\u7528\n#include <glad\/glad.h>\n#include <GLFW\/glfw3.h>\n#include <string>\n#include <assert.h>\/\/\u65ad\u8a00\n#include \"wrapper\/checkError.h\"\n#include \"application\/Application.h\"\n\nGLuint vao, program;\n\n\nvoid OnResize(int width, int height) {\n\tGL_CALL(glViewport(0, 0, width, height));\n\tstd::cout << \"OnResize\" << std::endl;\n}\n\nvoid OnKey(int key, int action, int mods) {\n\tstd::cout << key << std::endl;\n}\n\n\n\nvoid prepareVAO() {\n\t\/\/1 \u51c6\u5907positions colors\n\tfloat positions[] = {\n\t\t-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t\t0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t\t0.0f,  0.5f, 0.0f,\n\t};\n\n\tfloat colors[] = {\n\t\t1.0f, 0.0f,0.0f,\n\t\t0.0f, 1.0f,0.0f,\n\t\t0.0f, 0.0f,1.0f\n\t};\n\n\tunsigned int indices[] = {\n\t\t0, 1, 2\n\t};\n\n\t\/\/2 VBO\u521b\u5efa\n\tGLuint posVbo, colorVbo;\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &posVbo);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, posVbo);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), positions, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &colorVbo);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, colorVbo);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(colors), colors, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\n\t\/\/3 EBO\u521b\u5efa\n\tGLuint ebo;\n\tglGenBuffers(1, &ebo);\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);\n\tglBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);\n\n\t\/\/4 VAO\u521b\u5efa\n\tglGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);\n\tglBindVertexArray(vao);\n\n\t\/\/5 \u7ed1\u5b9avbo ebo \u52a0\u5165\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\n\t\/\/5.1 \u52a0\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, posVbo);\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(0);\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(float) * 3, (void*)0);\n\n\t\/\/5.2 \u52a0\u5165\u989c\u8272\u5c5e\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u6570\u636e\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, colorVbo);\n\tglEnableVertexAttribArray(1);\n\tglVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(float) * 3, (void*)0);\n\n\t\/\/5.3 \u52a0\u5165ebo\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u7684vao\n\tglBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);\n\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n}\n\nvoid prepareShader() {\n\t\/\/1 \u5b8c\u6210vs\u4e0efs\u7684\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u88c5\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\n\tconst char* vertexShaderSource =\n\t\t\"#version 460 core\\n\"\n\t\t\"layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\\n\"\n\t\t\"layout (location = 1) in vec3 aColor;\\n\"\n\t\t\"out vec3 color;\\n\"\n\t\t\"void main()\\n\"\n\t\t\"{\\n\"\n\t\t\"   gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\\n\"\n\t\t\"   color = aColor;\\n\"\n\t\t\"}\\0\";\n\tconst char* fragmentShaderSource =\n\t\t\"#version 330 core\\n\"\n\t\t\"out vec4 FragColor;\\n\"\n\t\t\"in vec3 color;\\n\"\n\t\t\"void main()\\n\"\n\t\t\"{\\n\"\n\t\t\"   FragColor = vec4(color, 1.0f);\\n\"\n\t\t\"}\\n\\0\";\n\n\n\t\/\/2 \u521b\u5efaShader\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08vs\u3001fs\uff09\n\tGLuint vertex, fragment;\n\tvertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);\n\tfragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);\n\n\n\t\/\/3 \u4e3ashader\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8f93\u5165shader\u4ee3\u7801\n\tglShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);\n\tglShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);\n\n\tint success = 0;\n\tchar infoLog[1024];\n\t\/\/4 \u6267\u884cshader\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u8bd1 \n\tglCompileShader(vertex);\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5vertex\u7f16\u8bd1\u7ed3\u679c\n\tglGetShaderiv(vertex, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);\n\tif (!success) {\n\t\tglGetShaderInfoLog(vertex, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER COMPILE ERROR --VERTEX\" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t}\n\n\tglCompileShader(fragment);\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5fragment\u7f16\u8bd1\u7ed3\u679c\n\tglGetShaderiv(fragment, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);\n\tif (!success) {\n\t\tglGetShaderInfoLog(fragment, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER COMPILE ERROR --FRAGMENT\" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t}\n\n\t\/\/5 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aProgram\u58f3\u5b50\n\tprogram = glCreateProgram();\n\n\t\/\/6 \u5c06vs\u4e0efs\u7f16\u8bd1\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u653e\u5230program\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f3\u5b50\u91cc\n\tglAttachShader(program, vertex);\n\tglAttachShader(program, fragment);\n\n\t\/\/7 \u6267\u884cprogram\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u6267\u884cshader\u7a0b\u5e8f\n\tglLinkProgram(program);\n\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5\u94fe\u63a5\u9519\u8bef\n\tglGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);\n\tif (!success) {\n\t\tglGetProgramInfoLog(program, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER LINK ERROR \" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t}\n\n\t\/\/\u6e05\u7406\n\tglDeleteShader(vertex);\n\tglDeleteShader(fragment);\n}\n\nvoid render() {\n\t\/\/\u6267\u884copengl\u753b\u5e03\u6e05\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\n\tGL_CALL(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));\n\n\t\/\/1 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684program\n\tGL_CALL(glUseProgram(program));\n\n\t\/\/2 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5f53\u524d\u7684vao\n\tGL_CALL(glBindVertexArray(vao));\n\t\/\/3 \u53d1\u51fa\u7ed8\u5236\u6307\u4ee4\n\/\/\tglDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, 6);\n\tglDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);\n\tglBindVertexArray(0);\n}\n\n\nint main() {\n\tif (!app->init(800, 600)) {\n\t\treturn -1;\n\t}\n\n\tapp->setResizeCallback(OnResize);\n\tapp->setKeyBoardCallback(OnKey);\n\n\t\/\/\u8bbe\u7f6eopengl\u89c6\u53e3\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e05\u7406\u989c\u8272\n\tGL_CALL(glViewport(0, 0, 800, 600));\n\tGL_CALL(glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f));\n\n\tprepareShader();\n\tprepareVAO();\n\twhile (app->update()) {\n\n\t\trender();\n\t\t\n\t}\n\n\tapp->destroy();\n\n\treturn 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Chap11 Shader\u5c01\u88c5\u7c7b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u628ashader\u76f8\u5173\u4ee3\u7801\u5c01\u88c5\u81f3shader\u7c7b\uff0c\u628aglsl\u4ee3\u7801\u653e\u8fdbassests\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u4e0b\u7684glsl\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7528\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u8bfb\u53d6<\/p>\n\n\n\n
core.h\n#pragma once\n\n\/\/\u6ce8\u610f\uff1aglad\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\u5fc5\u987b\u5728glfw\u5f15\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\u5f15\u7528\n#include <glad\/glad.h>\n#include <GLFW\/glfw3.h>\n\nshader.h\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"core.h\"\n#include<string>\n\nclass Shader {\npublic:\n\tShader(const char* vertexPath, const char* fragmentPath);\n\t~Shader();\n\t\n\tvoid begin();\/\/\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524dShader\n\n\tvoid end();\/\/\u7ed3\u675f\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524dShader\n\nprivate:\n\t\/\/shader program\n\t\/\/type:COMPILE LINK\n\tvoid checkShaderErrors(GLuint target,std::string type);\n\nprivate:\n\tGLuint mProgram{ 0 };\n};\n\nshader.cpp\n#include\"shader.h\"\n#include\"..\/wrapper\/checkError.h\"\n\n#include<string>\n#include<fstream>\n#include<sstream>\n#include<iostream>\n\nShader::Shader(const char* vertexPath, const char* fragmentPath) {\n\t\/\/\u58f0\u660e\u88c5\u5165shader\u4ee3\u7801\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4e24\u4e2astring\n\tstd::string vertexCode;\n\tstd::string fragmentCode;\n\n\t\/\/\u58f0\u660e\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u53d6vs\u8ddffs\u6587\u4ef6\u7684inFileStream\n\tstd::ifstream vShaderFile;\n\tstd::ifstream fShaderFile;\n\n\t\/\/\u4fdd\u8bc1ifstream\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u4ee5\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\n\tvShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);\n\tfShaderFile.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);\n\ttry {\n\t\t\/\/1 \u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\n\t\tvShaderFile.open(vertexPath);\n\t\tfShaderFile.open(fragmentPath);\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/2 \u5c06\u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165\u6d41\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f93\u5165\u5230stringStream\u91cc\u9762\n\t\tstd::stringstream vShaderStream, fShaderStream;\n\t\tvShaderStream << vShaderFile.rdbuf();\n\t\tfShaderStream << fShaderFile.rdbuf();\n\n\t\t\/\/3 \u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\n\t\tvShaderFile.close();\n\t\tfShaderFile.close();\n\n\t\t\/\/4 \u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4ecestringStream\u5f53\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8f6c\u5316\u5230code String\u5f53\u4e2d\n\t\tvertexCode = vShaderStream.str();\n\t\tfragmentCode = fShaderStream.str();\n\t}\n\tcatch (std::ifstream::failure& e) {\n\t\tstd::cout << \"ERROR: Shader File Error: \" << e.what() << std::endl;\n\t}\n\n\tconst char* vertexShaderSource = vertexCode.c_str();\n\tconst char* fragmentShaderSource = fragmentCode.c_str();\n\t\/\/1 \u521b\u5efaShader\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08vs\u3001fs\uff09\n\tGLuint vertex, fragment;\n\tvertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);\n\tfragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);\n\n\t\/\/2 \u4e3ashader\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8f93\u5165shader\u4ee3\u7801\n\tglShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);\n\tglShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);\n\n\t\/\/3 \u6267\u884cshader\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u8bd1 \n\tglCompileShader(vertex);\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5vertex\u7f16\u8bd1\u7ed3\u679c\n\tcheckShaderErrors(vertex, \"COMPILE\");\n\t\n\tglCompileShader(fragment);\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5fragment\u7f16\u8bd1\u7ed3\u679c\n\tcheckShaderErrors(fragment, \"COMPILE\");\n\t\n\t\/\/4 \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2aProgram\u58f3\u5b50\n\tmProgram = glCreateProgram();\n\n\t\/\/6 \u5c06vs\u4e0efs\u7f16\u8bd1\u597d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u653e\u5230program\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f3\u5b50\u91cc\n\tglAttachShader(mProgram, vertex);\n\tglAttachShader(mProgram, fragment);\n\n\t\/\/7 \u6267\u884cprogram\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u6267\u884cshader\u7a0b\u5e8f\n\tglLinkProgram(mProgram);\n\n\t\/\/\u68c0\u67e5\u94fe\u63a5\u9519\u8bef\n\tcheckShaderErrors(mProgram, \"LINK\");\n\n\t\/\/\u6e05\u7406\n\tglDeleteShader(vertex);\n\tglDeleteShader(fragment);\n}\nShader::~Shader() {\n\n}\n\nvoid Shader::begin() {\n\tGL_CALL(glUseProgram(mProgram));\n}\n\nvoid Shader::end() {\n\tGL_CALL(glUseProgram(0));\n}\n\nvoid Shader::checkShaderErrors(GLuint target, std::string type) {\n\tint success = 0;\n\tchar infoLog[1024];\n\n\tif (type == \"COMPILE\") {\n\t\tglGetShaderiv(target, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);\n\t\tif (!success) {\n\t\t\tglGetShaderInfoLog(target, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER COMPILE ERROR\" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\telse if (type == \"LINK\") {\n\t\tglGetProgramiv(target, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);\n\t\tif (!success) {\n\t\t\tglGetProgramInfoLog(target, 1024, NULL, infoLog);\n\t\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: SHADER LINK ERROR \" << \"\\n\" << infoLog << std::endl;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\telse {\n\t\tstd::cout << \"Error: Check shader errors Type is wrong\" << std::endl;\n\t}\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
chap12 \u52a8\u6001\u5c5e\u6027\u83b7\u53d6\u53caUniform<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
fragment.glsl\n#version 460 core\r\nout vec4 FragColor;\r\n\r\nuniform float time;\r\n\r\nin vec3 color;\r\nvoid main()\r\n{\r\n   float intensity = (sin(time) + 1.0) \/ 2.0;\r\n   FragColor = vec4(vec3(intensity) + color, 1.0f);\r\n}\n\nvertex.glsl\n#version 460 core\r\nlayout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\r\nlayout (location = 1) in vec3 aColor;\r\n\r\nuniform float time;\r\n\r\nout vec3 color;\r\nvoid main()\r\n{\r\n   gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\r\n   \/\/color = aColor;\r\n   color = aColor * (cos(time) + 1.0) \/ 2.0;\r\n}\n\nshader.cpp\nvoid Shader::setFloat(const std::string& name, float value) {\r\n\t\/\/1 \u901a\u8fc7\u540d\u79f0\u62ff\u5230Uniform\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6eLocation\r\n\tGLint location = GL_CALL(glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, name.c_str()));\r\n\r\n\t\/\/2 \u901a\u8fc7Location\u66f4\u65b0Uniform\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u503c\r\n\tGL_CALL(glUniform1f(location, value));\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
chap13 \u7eb9\u7406<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u6700\u8fd1\u5c1d\u8bd5\u624b\u6413\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684gis\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u77e2\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7ed8\u5236\u5c31\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u7528qt\u7684QPaintWidget\u5957\u4ef6\u6027\u80fd\u66f4\u4e0d\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u60f3\u7528 …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1308"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1322,"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1308\/revisions\/1322"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gislxz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}